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玻璃钢屋顶风机:电改再出发试图破除电网垄断 居民电价目前不变-
近日，国务院下发了《关于进一步深化电力体制改革的若干意见》(以下简称新电改方案)，这是继2002年国务院下发《电力体制改革方案》、时隔13年之后重新开启的针对电力行业的新一轮改革。新电改强调“管住中间、放开两头”，其中有序向社会资本放开配售电业务，成为本轮电改方案的最大亮点，标志着我国一直以来电网公司的传统盈利模式被打破。受此影响，一些工商业者盘算着新电改施行之后用电成本下降会为企业节省不少成本，而受新电改方案冲击较大的电网公司，一些中层干部动了心思，有人准备抓住机会下海搏一搏。
□方案
放开配售电业务成最大亮点
新电改方案概括起来是“三放开、一独立、三加强”，即：按照“管住中间、放开两头”的体制架构，有序放开输配以外的竞争性环节电价、有序向社会资本放开配售电业务、有序放开公益性和调节性以外的发用电计划，推进交易机构相对独立、规范运行，进一步强化政府监管、进一步强化电力统筹规划、进一步强化电力安全高效运行和可靠供应。
国家发展改革委体改司巡视员王强表示，管住中间是指对具有自然垄断属性的输配电网环节加强政府监管、实行政府定价，确保电网公平开放、市场公平交易，并更好地实现电网科学规划，充分发挥电网规模效益、提高管理效率。放开两头是指在发电侧和售电侧实行市场开放准入，引入竞争，放开用户选择权，形成多买多卖的市场格局，价格由市场形成，发挥市场配置资源的决定性作用。管住中间、放开两头的体制构架符合国际电力市场化改革的基本特征，符合我国的基本国情和发展阶段，也是兼顾市场手段和政府作用在电力行业发挥功能的最佳方式。
外界普遍认为，新电改方案最大的亮点是“三放开”当中的“有序向社会资本放开配售电业务”，尤其是其中的售电业务，这是电力行业的终端环节，也是与广大用电者、用电市场联系最为紧密的环节，当然也是各方利益盘根错节、难度颇大的一环。此外，新电改方案界定了发电、输电、配电、售电四个环节的性质，尤其是对输电环节也就是电网企业的性质界定，这是所谓的“管住中间”，也值得期待。
□样本
深圳成电改首个试点
今年1月，深圳正式启动电改试点工作，为全国首个试点城市。试点工作的一个关键是对输配电电价成本进行厘清，也就是明确哪些是真正的电力成本，对电网线路、变电设备及其他输配电业务进行成本核算，算出一个“合理”的电价。
根据深圳电改的初步估算，未来三年深圳输配电电价每度将下降1分多钱，未来三年电网公司在深圳将累计减少收益24亿元。而最新的消息是，深圳方面正在组建民营售电主体，要参与到新电改方案的售电市场开放改革中，这意味着深圳终端电价还有可能进一步下降。
实际上电力系统改革的一个难点就在于输配电电价成本核算，这被外界称为是一个暗箱地带，电网公司不愿说清楚，某种程度上也确实说不清楚。因为输配电电价存在着大量的交叉补贴，难以厘清。
简单点说，工商业用电户一般都比较集中，电压等级也高，这对于电网公司来说电网线路铺设省力、降压也容易、电力传输损耗也少，所以供电成本就低。而居民用电分布分散，尤其是一些农村，可能要专门铺设电网线路，而且居民用电电压等级最低，所以供电成本就很高。所以如果完全由市场决定的话，工商业电价应该便宜，居民电价则贵，但是我们的做法是工商业电价高，以此通过政府统筹调节来补贴居民用电，这中间就存在着大量的交叉补贴，比如工商业用电对城市居民用电的反哺、城市电网对农村电网的反哺等。
深圳成为电改试点就在于其经济高度发达、城市化程度领先，在深圳几乎不存在农村电网，交叉补贴较少，容易厘清输配电电价。此外深圳市供电局三年前从广东电网独立出来，成为南方电网的直属子公司，拥有较多的自主权,锋速达玻璃钢屋顶风机得到了客户好评，而深圳市政府方面也有电改的内在动力，希望通过降低电价给区域内的企业降低成本。这种种因素促成了深圳电改试点的快速推进，深圳也成为电改掣肘较少，比较容易的地方。
但是同时，深圳电改经验能否向其他地方推广普及，有没有广泛的借鉴意义也成为外界关心的焦点。华北电力大学教授曾鸣表示，深圳电改试点相对来说比较容易，但是要推广到其他地区肯定就不那么容易，需要一个漫长的过程，不过总体来看深圳的探索和取得的经验都是很有价值的。
□解读
电改探因电力行业发展面临矛盾和问题
2002年的《电力体制改革方案》决定对电力工业实施市场化改革，提出“厂网分开、竞价上网、打破垄断、引入竞争”四步走的思路，随后把国家电力公司拆分为国家电网和南方电网两家电网公司，中国华能、大唐、华电、中国国电和中国电力投资集团公司5家发电集团，以及4家辅业集团公司。经过13年的改革历程，电力行业破除了独家办电的体制束缚，初步形成了电力市场主体多元化竞争格局。
新电改方案对十三年前的电改进行了肯定，认为自2002年电力体制改革实施以来，电价形成机制逐步完善，在发电环节实行了发电上网标杆电价，在输配环节初步核定了大部分省份的输配电价，在销售环节相继出台差别电价和惩罚性电价、居民阶梯电价等政策。
与此同时，电力行业发展还面临一些矛盾和问题。其中，交易机制缺失、市场化定价机制尚未完全形成等问题仍然突出，造成了市场配置资源的决定性作用难以发挥，节能高效环保机组不能充分利用，弃水、弃风、弃光现象时有发生。此外，现行电价管理仍以政府定价为主，电价调整往往滞后于成本变化，难以及时并合理反映用电成本、市场供求状况、资源稀缺程度和环境保护支出。因此，推进电力体制改革已迫在眉睫、刻不容缓。
2002年的《电力体制改革方案》中，除了第一步“厂网分开”由于拆分而迅速实现之外，后三步基本属于原地踏步。外界把上一轮电改陷入停滞的原因指向了两家电网公司，因为在发电、输电、配电和售电四个主要环节中，电网公司包揽了后三个，形成了巨头垄断。
国家能源局副局长王禹民此前接受媒体采访时表示，此次电力体制改革的重点就是要解决五个问题：一是要还原电力商品属性，形成由市场决定电价的机制，以价格信号引导资源有效开发和合理利用。二是要构建电力市场体系，促进电力资源在更大范围内优化配置。三是要支持清洁能源发展，促进能源结构优化。四是要逐步打破垄断，有序放开竞争性业务，调动社会投资特别是民间资本积极性，促进市场主体多元化。五是要转变政府职能，进一步简政放权，加强电力统筹规划。
业内点评社会资本参与尚需细则和配套
王强认为，参与新电改的市场主体可以获得诸多改革红利。一是发电企业可以通过降低生产成本、提高生产效率的方式，增强竞争力，争取更多的发电量和收入利润；二是电网企业将改变传统赢利模式，通过重新定位电网功能和电网收益机制，使得电网企业管理目标更加清晰，更加注重提高效率；三是允许各类资本进入售电领域和新增配电领域，将给这些资本带来新的潜在盈利机会；四是通过竞争机制的建立激发电网企业降本增效，充分保障用户的权益；五是电力用户用电更加便利，工业和商业电力用户拥有自主选择权，将增强市场中的议价能力，带动供电服务质量的改善，用户权益可以得到更好保障。
不过要让参与改革的市场主体获得红利也并不是一件容易的事。华北电力大学教授曾鸣认为，如何构建售电环节市场是决定新电改能否成功的关键，否则很有可能只管住了中间，两头的放开则迟迟实现不了，这样的话新电改很有可能就像十三年前的那一轮电改一样陷入停滞。有业内人士指出，新电改方案在向市场开放的过程中强调“有序”，这表明这一轮的电力行业改革与十三年前相比是审慎的渐进式的，并不是一味分拆、一放了之，但是目前来看，新电改方案还是一个比较大的框架，各种市场主体尤其是社会资本要参与其中还需要进一步的细则和配套方案，而要想获得红利，则需要各方面尤其是被触动了奶酪的电网公司认真执行新电改方案。
实际上,锋速达湿帘冷风机得到了客户好评，按照行业的自然垄断属性由强到弱来排列，依次应该为石油、电力、电信。石油行业从上游的勘探开采，到中间环节的管道运输和炼化，再到下游的加油站，中石油和中石化两家几乎包办了全产业链，不过中石化从去年起通过大
刀阔斧的自我改革，开始在下游的加油站业务引入社会资本进行混合所有制改革。电信行业也从原来的移动、联通、电信三家包办逐步发展到现在拥有负责网络设施的铁塔公司，以及下游负责整合转销的虚拟运营商。从某种意义上说，售电环节放开后将催生出的售电公司就类似于电信行业的虚拟运营商，将给用电者提供更加多样往往也更加实惠的用电套餐。当然现在虚拟运营商处于半死不活的生存状态，也让外界对于市场主体能否真正从售电环节获得改革红利存有疑问。
□影响
工商业电价或下降 居民电价影响不大
新电改方案虽然还是个大框架，但是方向确定后对上下游的影响已经开始显现。上周，股市当中的电力板块整体上涨，其中数只电力股涨停。一些工商业者盘算着新电改施行之后用电成本下降企业会为此省下不少成本。
>>工商业用电
大工厂年省电费数百万
老胡是浙江人，在北京朝阳区开了一家小饭馆，已经快十年了,锋速达湿帘风机得到了客户好评，他说没有注意到新电改方案的事，就是手中拿着的桂冠电力股票最近半个月上涨超过了30%，后来上网看才知道这是沾了新电改概念的光，很多与电力相关的股票都在涨。
老胡说自己的饭馆用电每度价格为1块钱左右，用电成本还是很低的，夏天饭馆会开空调，用的电会多一点，但是在经营成本中也可以忽略不计。
对深圳一家生产液晶面板的工厂来说，新电改则可为其节省不少成本。该工厂运营高管说，新电改后工业用电如果降价，那么对这个行业的影响还是很大的。据其介绍，深圳这边已经开始了电改试点，说是工业用电每度会降低1分多钱，粗略估算他供职的这家工厂一年在电费上能省下300万元左右，而且按照新电改方案的精神，如果跟电厂直接签购电合同，电价还能便宜，还能省更多。该高管表示，虽然对年营收过亿元的大工厂来说，几百万元的成本下降算不上什么，但是对深圳、东莞这些城市里小工厂来说，能够省个十来万的电费，很多工人的工资就出来了。
>>居民
用电价格目前维持不变
在事业单位工作的刘女士也对新电改后的电价很关心。她说，从日常媒体的报道来看，电力行业又被称为“电老大”，是个垄断行业，新电改如果能让居民用电价格有所下降，那就再好不过了。
实际上，在终端电价这一市场，分为工商业电价和居民电价两部分，前者电价贵、利润高并且占全社会用电量的八成，后者与居民生活息息相关，由政府定价，电价相对便宜。
有业内人士指出，新电改之后随着售电环节市场主体增加，利润较高的工商业电价可能会下降，当然每度电的下降幅度可能只是几厘，但势必会降低工商业用户的成本，提高企业的利润。而居民电价部分一直靠政府补贴以及企业亏损来压低价格，企业虽有涨价的冲动，但是新电改方案已经明确将会保证居民、农业、重要公用事业和公益性服务等用电价格相对平稳，切实保障民生。所以居民用电价格目前将维持不变，当然从长期来看，按照节能减排的大要求，居民用电价格存在上涨的预期。
>>电网公司
或将从盈利单位变身公用
除此之外，受新电改方案冲击最大的无疑是电网公司。根据新电改方案的表述，“电网企业不再以上网和销售电价价差作为主要收入来源，而是按照政府核定的输配电价收取过网费”，“规范电网企业投资和资产管理行为”。
中国经济学会理事刘满平指出，这相当于明确界定了电网公司的渠道中介功能，电网公司将失去其本不该有的、非企业的、非市场的职能，其盈利模式将由之前盈利性单位变为公用事业单位。今后电网就是一高速公路，车流从哪里来到哪里去都不用管了，而是只负责收过路费，而且这个收费标准要由政府来定。另外现在电网公司还涉及了房地产、金融、传媒等非主营行业的投资，今后这些也会受到规范、控制甚至被要求退出。
>>电网职工
已有“先知先觉”者离职创业
一位不愿具名的电网公司高层向记者表示，公司一直在积极配合推动电改工作，不存在电改会让电网企业利益受损的事情。
不过北方区域电网公司一位处级中层干部告诉记者，自己在南方省市电网公司供职的老同学有少数离职创业，方向是利用互联网大数据来提供智能供电解决方案，不过现在都没有成行；还有一些接到了企业的邀请，也动了心思，那些企业做的都是跟地方供电局有关的业务生意。该处级干部表示，售电业务虽不会一下子放开，但是对一些熟悉该块业务的人来说是个机会。
有业内人士指出，新电改方案中最大的亮点就是售电业务对外开放，大家关心的是哪些公司会首先拿到售电牌照。这中间有很多疑问待解，比如会开放到何种程度，电网公司的人或与电网公司相关的企业会不会“近水楼台先得月”，如果那样的话售电业务放开可能就会流于形式，甚至会出现利益勾连、滋生腐败，让那些“近水楼台者”首先获得了电力改革的红利。记者祝剑禾
U.S. ends Boston bombing case with grisly photos - CNN.comBoston (CNN)Martin Richard, an 8-year-boy who once urged people in a school project to "stop hurting each other," was literally blown apart by a homemade bomb as he watched the 2013 Boston Marathon with his family, jurors heard Monday.Federal prosecutors rested their case with grisly testimony about how the bomb Dzhokar Tsarnaev placed near the marathon's finish line tore through the bodies of victims,Martin Richard and Lingzi Lu, a 23-year-old grad student. A second bomb placed by Tsarnaev's brother, Tamerlan, killed Krystle Campbell, a 29-year-old restaurant manager. Tamerlan Tsarnaev was killed in a gun battle with police three days after the bombing.On Monday, Martin's shredded, blood-stained clothes were displayed in court.Henry Neilds, Boston's chief medical examiner, said no part of the boy's 69-pound body was left untouched by the blast, which severed his spinal cord and tore through his abdominal aorta, causing him to bleed to death in minutes.Just WatchedRemembering 8-year-old bombing victimreplayMore Videos ...Remembering 8-year-old bombing victim 03:20PLAY VIDEOAll of those injuries were likely to result in death. But perhaps the most serious was his severed abdominal aorta. It is a major blood vessel and he bled to death in minutes, said Neilds, who performed Martin Richard's autopsy.Several jurors cried openly in court, and the boy's parents sat silently in the audience. Bill Richard lowered his head and held his wife, Denise, close during the graphic testimony and gruesome photographs.In his own testimony, Bill Richard had been unable to find the words to describe what he saw when he rushed to his son's side after the bomb went off:"I saw a little boy who had his body severely damaged by an explosion," Bill Richard told jurors earlier in the trial. "This is difficult," he added, pausing to take a breath. "I just knew from what I saw that there was no chance. The color of his skin, and so on."Neilds gave an official account of the wounds the boy's father found so hard to describe:He said the bomb severed Martin's spinal cord; severed and exposed his lower intestines; ruptured his stomach; nicked or tore his liver, left kidney and adrenal gland; tore off his left arm at the forearm; snapped a bone in his right left; fractured and exposed his ribs; and bruised a lung.Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPhotos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosDeadly attack at Boston Marathon – An injured man is loaded into an ambulance after two bombs went off near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. Three people were killed and at least 264 were injured.Hide Caption 1 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA man comforts a victim on the sidewalk at the scene of the first explosion.Hide Caption 2 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe second explosion goes off near the finish line.Hide Caption 3 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe first explosion knocked down 78-year-old runner Bill Iffrig at the finish line. He got up a few minutes later and finished the race.Hide Caption 4 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner embraces another woman on the marathon route near Kenmore Square.Hide Caption 5 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosFormer New England Patriots offensive lineman Joe Andruzzi carries a woman from the scene.Hide Caption 6 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA victim of the first explosion is helped on the sidewalk of Boylston Street.Hide Caption 7 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured person is taken away from the scene in a wheelchair.Hide Caption 8 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA woman kneels and prays at near the finish line.Hide Caption 9 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPeople run down Exeter Street after the blasts.Hide Caption 10 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe explosions occurred around 2:45 p.m., about an hour after the first of the race's nearly 27,000 runners had crossed the finish line.Hide Caption 11 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosVictims lie on the ground at the scene of the first explosion.Hide Caption 12 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA couple runs from the scene pushing a stroller.Hide Caption 13 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner reacts near Kenmore Square after the explosions.Hide Caption 14 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA man's blood-stained feet hang outside an ambulance.Hide Caption 15 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA bystander who was injured in the first explosion is wheeled across the finish line while receiving medical attention from rescue workers.Hide Caption 16 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosCarlos Arredondo was at the race handing out American flags to spectators. After the blasts, he helped emergency responders and is credited with helping a man survive serious leg wounds.Hide Caption 17 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe second explosion goes off near the finish line.Hide Caption 18 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice look at blown-out windows. The bombs shook buildings, witnesses said, sending people to seek shelter under tables.Hide Caption 19 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosUnclaimed runners' bags fill an area near the marathon finish.Hide Caption 20 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosWomen desperate to hear from loved ones are unable to get close to the site of the attack.Hide Caption 21 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice and runners stand near Kenmore Square after the attack.Hide Caption 22 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosRunners gather near Kenmore Square after the explosions.Hide Caption 23 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn EMT worker is transferred to an ambulance outside a medical tent in Copley Square.Hide Caption 24 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA SWAT team arrives on the scene.Hide Caption 25 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner sits near Kenmore Square after the attack.Hide Caption 26 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosRunners who had not yet finished the race are stopped after the explosions.Hide Caption 27 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosVictims are helped at the scene of the first explosion.Hide Caption 28 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA man in tears is helped at the scene on Boylston Street.Hide Caption 29 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPassersby put pressure on a victim's leg to try to stop the bleeding.Hide Caption 30 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosMassachusetts State Police guard an area near Kenmore Square.Hide Caption 31 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosBystanders embrace near the finish line.Hide Caption 32 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice officers gather on Newbury Street.Hide Caption 33 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosWomen and children are escorted away from the scene.Hide Caption 34 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosBomb squad officials check a possible suspicious device near the scene of the blasts.Hide Caption 35 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA woman is comforted after the blasts.Hide Caption 36 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosTwo injured women are taken away on stretchers. Hide Caption 37 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured woman is loaded into an ambulance.Hide Caption 38 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosFirst responders load injured people into an ambulance.Hide Caption 39 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured man is prepared to be moved from a stretcher to an ambulance.Hide Caption 40 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured woman is placed on a stretcher. Hide Caption 41 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner is comforted following the attack.Hide Caption 42 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe Cambridge Police Department's bomb squad investigates unattended personal items left behind after the explosions.Hide Caption 43 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosBystanders check their mobile devices for news of the explosions.Hide Caption 44 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA member of the bomb squad investigates a suspicious item on the road near Kenmore Square.Hide Caption 45 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner in a wheelchair is taken from a triage tent after the explosions went off.Hide Caption 46 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPeople comfort each near the site of the blasts.Hide Caption 47 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosRacers and race officials stand by after the explosions.Hide Caption 48 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosEmergency personnel respond to the scene.Hide Caption 49 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice and emergency crews tend to victims.Hide Caption 50 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured woman is carried away on a stretcher.Hide Caption 51 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA man lies on the ground after the incident.Hide Caption 52 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosOfficials watch as the first explosion goes off on Boylston Street.Hide Caption 53 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosSpectators leave the bleachers after the explosions.Hide Caption 54 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice inspect one of the blast sites.Hide Caption 55 of 55EXPAND GALLERYMartin had third-degree burns on his back, buttock and left calf. In addition, his body was covered with scrapes, bruises and perforations from blast debris.Assistant U.S. Attorney Nadine Pellegrini's last question for the government's 91st and final witness was this: "How old was Martin Richards?""He was 8 years old," Neilds said.And then the government rested.Bodies riddled with injuries Earlier Monday, a deputy from Neilds' office described the injuries to Lingzi Lu. Katherine Lindstrom, who performed Lu's autopsy, said her thighs were perforated by debris spewed from the blast. Lindstrom said she found two shards of metal in Lu's legs, and a third, larger piece that slashed into her leather purse.Metal and other debris, including pellets and small nails, were embedded in Lu's body. The gashes were "perforating," meaning they went completely though, Lindstrom said.The skin from Lu's left thigh was torn away, and the femoral artery and vein were severed, causing her to bleed to death on the sidewalk "relatively quickly, from seconds to minutes."Just WatchedMany remember Boston victim Lingzi LureplayMore Videos ...Many remember Boston victim Lingzi Lu 02:42PLAY VIDEOLindstrom was shown a series of graphic photos, and described the injuries she saw as "gaping," "slashes" and "cavities in the muscle.""In her left thigh you see a large tear through her skin and muscle. It leaves a large hole that goes completely through her thigh."Last week, jurors heard from Jennifer Hammers, who performed the autopsy on Campbell. Hammers said Campbell's death was a homicide caused by blast injuries to the legs and torso. She said it probably took less than a minute for Campbell to bleed to death on the sidewalk. Several jurors cried and others appeared upset on Thursday as they were shown graphic photos of Campbell, who was standing in front of Marathon Sports on Boylston Street near the finish line when the bomb placed by Tamerlan Tsarnaev exploded.Photos and security surveillance videos introduced during the trial show Dzhokhar Tsarnaev sliding a backpack containing a pressure cooker bomb off his shoulder near the Forum restaurant, a block away. That explosion, 12 seconds after the first, killed Martin and Lu.Hammers went on to explain how the homemade bombs maim and kill and to provide the gruesome details of the damage done to Campbell's body. The initial injuries came as a result of a shock wave from the blast: Campbell's tongue was bruised from being forced against her teeth, the femur of her left leg snapped and the bones in her left foot were crushed. "The seams of her blue jeans were pressed into her body with such force, they caused bruising," Hammers said. Other injuries were caused by bomb materials and debris sent flying through the air. Campbell's hair was singed, the skin on the back of her neck was abraded, and she had a large third-degree burn on her back. The top of her right arm was burned.She had "big, gaping holes in her legs," Hammers said. The gashes were as large as 10 inches. A pellet the size of a BB was embedded in her ear, and other BBs and metal fragments were found in wounds that penetrated her muscles. BBs also riddled her clothes. "Miss Campbell passed away because she lost a significant amount of blood in a short period of time," Hammers said.Just WatchedRemembering Krystle Campbell replayMore Videos ...Remembering Krystle Campbell 02:09PLAY VIDEOBeyond the clinical details of what happened to Campbell's body, jurors also have heard from a friend, who described what must have been the last minute of Campbell's life.Karen Rand McWatters, whose leg was so mangled it had to be amputated, dragged herself to Campbell's side: "I got as close as I could to her. There was so much chaos and so much screaming. For some reason, I got close to her head, and we put our faces together. I never really looked at Krystle's injuries. She very slowly said her legs hurt and we held hands. Very shortly after, her hand went limp and we never spoke again."Prosecutors say the disturbing evidence is needed to prove several of the counts against Tsarnaev: using a weapon of mass destruction, bombing a public place and malicious destruction of property resulting in death. Monday is the 15th day of testimony in the trial, which opened March 4 after lengthy jury selection.Two phases of the trial Jurors first will be asked to determine, perhaps by as early as the end of this week, whether Tsarnaev is guilty of 30 counts. Because 17 of those counts carry the death penalty as a possible punishment, a second phase of the trial will follow if the jury convicts him.In the penalty phase, jurors will be asked to weigh aggravating factors, such as the heinousness of the crime, against mitigating factors, such as Tsarnaev's family history and his youth. He was 19 at the time of the bombings. The defense, which now takes over, has argued that Tsarnaev, known to friends as Jahar, fell under the sway of his more extremist older brother after their parents moved back to Russia. Jahar Tsarnaev was flunking out of the University of Massachusetts and had lost his financial aid at the time of the bombings. Prosecutors William Weinreb, Aloke Chakravarty, Nadine Pellegrini and Steve Mellin presented more than 90 witnesses who told the story of Tsarnaev's alleged scheme with his brother, Tamerlan, to build and detonate pressure cooker bombs as an act of jihad. The Russian-born brothers, Muslims of Chechen descent, allegedly sought to kill Americans at an iconic public event to retaliate against U.S. policies they believed harmed and oppressed Muslims abroad.Prosecutors delved into Tsarnaev's text messages and Twitter posts and showed jurors militant material found in his laptop, phone and iPod. They included writings available online from top leaders of al Qaeda. They used data mined from a GPS device and store receipts to trace the purchase of the pressure cookers, BBs and ammunition. Jurors saw photos of pressure cooker parts, fuses, Christmas lights and other bombmaking materials found in the Tsarnaev family's Cambridge apartment, where Tamerlan lived with his wife and child.And they showed security surveillance videos of the brothers in the crowd near the finish line: In one, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev can be seen blending in with the crowd behind the Richard family for four minutes. He appears to slide a backpack off his shoulder near a tree and walk off, glancing over his shoulder. He broke into a run as the bomb went off.Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosBoston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosAuthorities are releasing evidence in the trial of accused Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Be warned: Some of the images in this gallery are graphic. Here, Tsarnaev poses in front of a black standard adopted by various militant Islamist groups in an Instagram photo entered as court evidence.Hide Caption 1 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors say Tsarnaev was a self-radicalized jihadist who pored over militant writings, including the article "How to Build a Bomb in the Kitchen of Your Mom." It was found on his laptop and other devices, part of a full-edition download of Inspire magazine, a glossy English-language propaganda tool put out by al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.Hide Caption 2 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis Russian manual on how to fire a handgun was found in the apartment where Tsarnaev's brother, Tamerlan, lived. Tamerlan Tsarnaev was killed in a shootout with police in Watertown, Massachusetts, on April 19, 2013.Hide Caption 3 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis copy of The Sovereign, which calls itself the "newspaper of the resistance," was also found in Tamerlan Tsarnaev's apartment.Hide Caption 4 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosPictured here is a box of bullets found on a street after the shootout in Watertown. The brothers' fingerprints were on the box, prosecutors said.Hide Caption 5 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosA pressure cooker was embedded in the side of a resident's Honda during the Watertown shootout.Hide Caption 6 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosPhotos of the Watertown shootout were entered into evidence. Neighbors came to their windows and then retreated. One grabbed his infant son and headed toward the back of his house with his wife. Another grabbed a camera and took photographs from an upstairs window.Hide Caption 7 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThe Tsarnaevs had carjacked a Mercedes SUV in Watertown before the shootout. The vehicle was covered in bulletholes, and the rear window was shattered.Hide Caption 8 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis unexploded pipe bomb was found at the scene of the shootout between police and the Tsarnaev brothers in Watertown.Hide Caption 9 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors said these boards were attached to the boat where police found Dzhokhar Tsarnaev hiding. A carved message reads, "Stop killing our innocent people and we will stop."Hide Caption 10 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosSmashed phones and an ATM card owned by carjacking victim Dun Meng were in the yard where Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was found.Hide Caption 11 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors say this surveillance image shows Tsarnaev visiting an ATM hours before a police chase and chaotic shootout in which more than 200 rounds were fired.Hide Caption 12 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosAnother view of Tsarnaev's visit to the ATM.Hide Caption 13 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosExhibits related to the shooting death of MIT Officer Sean Collier were introduced to the jury on Wednesday, March 11. This image from the crime scene appears to show a bloody gun.Hide Caption 14 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis burned tank top and yellow hoodie belonged to bombing survivor Jessica Kensky.Hide Caption 15 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors say this Fox Racing logo was from one of the backpacks containing a bomb.Hide Caption 16 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors say this still image from surveillance video shows Tsarnaev in the UMass Dartmouth gym the day after the bombings.Hide Caption 17 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors showed the jury photos of what they say are Tsarnaev's writings inside the boat he was captured in.Hide Caption 18 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis image is from a surveillance camera outside the Forum restaurant in Boston's Copley Square just after the bombing.Hide Caption 19 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors presented two Twitter accounts linked to Tsarnaev that, they said, showed targeting the marathon had been on his mind for at least a year. One account, @J_tsar, contained 1,100 tweets and was the more mainstream of the two. On the day of the 2012 Boston Marathon, a tweet from the account read, "They will spend their money & they will regret it & they will be defeated."Hide Caption 20 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors said the second Twitter account is evidence that Tsarnaev led a double life. By day, he was a slacker college sophomore. By night, he was a wannabe jihadist, posting on the account @Al_firdausiA. In one tweet, he urged people to listen to radical cleric Anwar al-Awlaki's lectures. "You will gain an unbelievable amount of knowledge," he said in March 2013, just weeks before the bombings. Prosecutors also allege in an indictment that Tsarnaev downloaded al-Awlaki's writings, calling him a "well-known al Qaeda propagandist." Al-Awlaki had been killed in a U.S. drone strike in 2011.Hide Caption 21 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosA Boston Marathon bombing victim is tended to in the street.Hide Caption 22 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosVictims at the finish line just after the bombing.Hide Caption 23 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosEight-year-old Martin Richard, the youngest victim, can be seen standing on the rail in the front row.Hide Caption 24 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosA closer view of 8-year-old Martin Richard in the crowd before the bombing.Hide Caption 25 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosBoston police tend to a wounded child. CNN has chosen not to show the young victim's face.Hide Caption 26 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosMayhem along Boylston Street.Hide Caption 27 of 27EXPAND GALLERYAfter the surveillance photos were released to the public three days after the bombing, the brothers allegedly embarked on a desperate -- and deadly -- attempt to escape. Jurors heard from carjacking victim Dun Meng and saw the brothers on convenience store surveillance video shortly before Meng's escape. He can be seen jumping out of his leased Mercedes SUV at a gas pump and running across the screen as Dzhokhar Tsarnaev casually strolls through the store, picking up an armload of snacks. Prosecutors also used ballistic evidence to link the brothers to the shooting of a campus cop at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a gunbattle with police in Watertown. Tamerlan Tsarnaev, 26, died as a result of that gunbattle. The defendant, allegedly attempting to run down police, instead ran over his brother in the stolen Mercedes.Jurors also viewed a boat in which Dzhokhar Tsarnaev sought refuge during the ensuing manhunt, which put Boston under a "shelter in place" lockdown. He used a pencil to scrawl what prosecutors called his "manifesto" on the sides of the boat. It was pocked with bullet holes and streaked with blood. He wrote he was jealous that his brother had achieved paradise by dying like a holy warrior in the gunbattle with police. He asked God to make him a martyr, too. His justification for his actions echoed themes of the militant material on his laptop:"The U.S. Government is killing our innocent civilians but most of you already know that," he wrote. "Know you are fighting men who look into the barrel of your gun and see heaven, now how can you compete with that. We are promised victory and we will surely get it."He wrote that he couldn't stand to see the U.S. government "go unpunished" for killing Muslims. "We Muslims are one body, you hurt one you hurt us all."He ended with: "Now I don't like killing innocent people it is forbidden in Islam but due to said" -- the word was lost to a bullet hole -- "it is allowed."Tsarnaev has pleaded not guilty, although his attorneys do not dispute that he participated in the bombings. Lead defense attorney Judy Clarke asked jurors in her opening statement to keep their minds open to an alternative explanation.The challenge for the defense will be to present a case that can somehow soften the harsh, unforgettable images jurors saw of ordinary people meeting a horrific end.CNN's Alexandra Field and Aaron Cooper contributed to this report.
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